This course aims to guide history students to use archival records in historical research by introducing

1. the unique nature and characteristics of archival records,
2. the context in which they are created and used,

• the importance and constraints on using archival records in historical inquiry,

1. the functions and activities of an archival institution, and
2. the work of a professional archivist.

Fundamental archival concepts and prevailing techniques that help organize, describe and preserve archival records as an authentic and impartial source of documentary evidence over time will be discussed.

“Challenges” arising from increasing use of electronic means in conducting daily business in recent years from a perspective of historical inquiry will also be discussed.

The importance of archives in promoting and protecting social justice will also be discussed.

Objective

By completion of this module, students should be able to understand how archival work contributes to historical research, to appreciate the role and importance of archival records and to develop viable research strategy in using archival records as a source of historical evidence to reconstruct the past.

Part I: Fundamental principles and concepts

1) Course Overview and Requirements

2) The Nature of Archives and Archival Research

(a)         What are Archives? How is it different from Documents (文件), Records (檔案) or other historical materials (歷史文獻)?

(b)  What is archival research? How is it different from other kinds of historical research?

(c)  What are the unique evidential qualities of archives?

(d)  How do archives support the work of historians?

(e)  The rise of modern archival institutions (檔案館)?

Readings:

Bettington, J., et al (eds), Keeping Archives, 3^rd. ed. Australian Society of Archivists, 2008.

Cappon, Lester J. , “Historical Manuscripts as Archives: Some Definitions and Their Application”, American Archivist 19 (April 1956): 101-10 [Reprinted in Richard J. Cox (ed.), Lester J. Cappon and the Relationship of History, Archives, and Scholarship in the Golden Age of Archival Theory , Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2004 , pp. 35-42.

CHU, Simon F.K., Setting Up and Managing a Small Archives (in Chinese), Cloud Publishing, 2019

Cox, R., Managing Records as Evidence and Information, Quorum Books, 2000.

Jimerson, R.C., (ed.) American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and Practice, Society of American Archivist, 2000.

McKemmish, Sue , “Introducing Archives and Archival Program”, in Judith Ellis (ed.), Keeping Archives, 2^nd edition , Port Melbourne: D. W. Thorpe in association with the Australian Society of Archives Inc, 1993, pp. 1-24.

Millar, Laura Agnes, Archives: Principles and Practices, Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2017

O’Toole, James M., Understanding Archives and Manuscripts, Society of American Archivists, 2006.

Schellenberg, T.R., Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, 1956 (First Published), 2003 (Republished).

Williams, C., Managing Archives: Foundations, Principles and Practices, Chandos, 2006.

3. Archives, Archivists and Archival work

(a)         What are Archivists? Who are they?

(b)  What are the primary duties of Archivists?

(c)  How do archivists’ work support archival research?

(d)   Roles of an Archivist in a modern society: the “Guardian of Truth”

(e)   Professional ethics of Archivists

(f)   Professional associations and societies of archivists

(g)  What are Human Right Archives?

(h)  The power of archives: instrumental in the pursuit of truth and social justice

Readings

Brown, C., Archives and Records Keeping: Theory into Practice, Facet, 2013.

Campbell, N. J., Writing Effective Policies and Procedures, Association of Records Managers and Administrators, 1998.

Carmichael, David, Organizing Archival Records: A Practical Method of Arrangement and Description for Small Archives, AltaMira Press, 2012.

Cox, Richard J., Archives & Archivists in the Information Age, New York & London: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., 2005, Chapter 1 – “Why Organizations Need Archivists“.

Cox, R. and Wallace, D., (eds), Archives and the Public Good: Accountability and Records in Modern Society, Quorum Books, 2002.

Jenkinson, Hilary, “The English Archivist: A New Profession”, in Roger H. Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson , Society of American Archivists, Chicago, 2003, pp. 236-259.

Kurtz, M., Managing Archival and Manuscript Repositories, SAA, 2004.

Jimerson, R. C., Archives Power: Memory, Accountability and Social Justice, SAA, 2009.

Millar, Laura Agnes, Archives: Principles and Practices, Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2017

Muller, S., Feith, J.A. and Fruin, R., Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives, 1898, trans. A.H. Leavitt, republished, Society of American Archivists, 2003.

O’Toole, James M., Understanding Archives and Manuscripts, Society of American Archivists, 2006.

Part II: Understanding the context of using archival records

4. Recordkeeping activity and archival appraisal (selection)

(a)  The records management life cycle: from active to semi-active to inactive.

(b)  Records disposal options at the end of records life-cycle

(c)  Why and how do archivists select (appraise) their records for permanent retention?

(d)  Functional analysis and macro-appraisal

Readings

Boles, Frank , Selecting & Appraising Archives & Manuscripts , Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005.

Cox, R., No Innocent Deposits; Rethinking Archival Appraisal, Scarecrow Press, 2004.

Craig, Barbara , Archival Appraisal: Theory and Practice , München: K.G. Saur, 2004.

Menne-Haritz, Angelika , Business Processes: An Archival Science Approach to Collaborative Decision Making, Records, and Knowledge Management ,Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer, 2004.

Millar, Laura Agnes, Archives : Principles and Practices, Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2017

5. Archives arrangement and description system

(a)  Why and how do archivists arrange (classify) their archival holdings?

(b)  Two fundamental principles of arranging archives

(c) Levels of archival arrangement

(d)  Why and how do archivists describe (catalog) their archival holdings?

(e)  “Fonds-based” and “series-based” description systems

(f) Introduction of prevailing archives descriptive standards

Readings

Australian Society of Archivist Committee on Descriptive Standards,

Describing Archives in Context : A Guide to Australasian Practice, Australian Society of Archivist, 2014.

Cunningham, A.,(ed), The Arrangement and Description of Archives amid Administrative and Technological Change: Essays and Reflections by and about Peter J Scott, Australian Society of Archivists, 2010.

Eastwood, T. (ed.) The Archival Fonds: From Theory to Practice, Bureau of Canadian Archivists, 1992.

Hider, P., Information Resource Description, Facet, 2012.

Millar, Laura Agnes, Archives: Principles and Practices, Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2017

Procter, Margaret and Michael Cook, Manual of Archival Description, 3^rd edition, Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower, 2000, Part I – “The Nature of an Archival Description” and Part II – “The Data Structure of an Archival Description”.

Roe, Kathleen D., Arranging & Describing Archives & Manuscripts , Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005.

Smith, Clive, “The Australian Series System”, Archivaria 40, Fall 1995, pp 86-93.

6.Formulating research strategy for using archival records

(a) Introduction to frequently used government archives in Hong Kong: Land records, court records, death/birth records, company files, maps, posters, photographs, video and the Carl Smith Collection

(b) Types of archival finding aids

(c) How to use archival finding aids to help historical research

Readings

Frank G. Burke, Research and the Manuscript Tradition (Lanham & London: Scarecrow Press and Chicago: SAA, 1997).

Jennifer Edgecombe, “Finding Aids”, in Judith Ellis (ed.), Keeping Archives, 2nd edition, pp. 248–272.

Michael R. Hill, Archival Strategies and Techniques (Newbury Park, London & New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1993).

Part III: The challenge of keeping and using archival records 

7. Archives legislation: The framework for the management, preservation and use of archival records

(a)  Archives legislation as the framework for archival work

(b)  Components of an archives legislation

(c)  Development of archives legislation in Hong Kong and its neighboring countries

(d)  How historical research will be affected under the present framework

(e)  Social justice and archives.

(f)   The importance of proper records managing and archiving to governance

Readings

Sarah Choy, “Principles for Archives and Records Legislation”, International Council on Archives Committee on Archival Legal Matters, 2006.

Christine Loh etal., Managing Public Records for Good Governance and Preservation of Collective Memory: The Case for Archival Legislation, Civic Exchange, 2007.

8. Electronic record: A nightmare to archivists and historians

(a)  Technology development and the emergency of e-Government and e-Business

(b)  Components of a complete records: Content, Context and Structure

(c)   What are the problems of electronic records?

(d)  How historians suffer the consequences?

Readings

Brown, A., Practical Digital Preservation: A How-to-Guide for Organization of Any Size, Facet, 2013

Duranti, Luciana, Eastwood, Terry and MacNeil, Heather , Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records , Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer, 2002.

Duranti, Luciana, Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records, Boston, Kluwer Academic, 2010

MacLeod, J., Managing Electronic Records, Facet, 2005.

Ross, Seamus , “The Expanding World of Electronic Information and the Past’s Future”, in Edward Higgs (ed.), History and Electronic Artefacts , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 5-28.

Rothenberg, Jeff , Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation , Washington, DC : Council on Library and Information Resources, 1999.

Part IV: Course requirements and visit

9. Course requirements for students

(a) Each student is required to write an essay on a given topic

(b) Conduct historical research on a selected topic or event in Hong Kong history using primarily archival records (this is a group project)

(c)  Participate in tutorial discussion導修

The theme for discussion and presentation is: “Human Right Archives”

• Students are required to research into the nature of human right archives and their social and political functions, especially their role in the pursuit of justice.
• Students should be prepared to participate and discuss the issues in the tutorials.  

10. OPTIONAL Field Trip: Visiting archives in neighboring territories

An optional visit to national, provincial and municipal archives in China will be arranged for interested students. Subject to their confirmation, the First Historical Archives (Beijing), Shanghai Municipal Archives, Second Historical Archives (Nanjing), Guangdong Provincial Archives, and Guangzhou City Archives are to be visited. Through the visits, management practices of and archival materials relating to Hong Kong in these archives will be introduced to students.

參考書目 Book List:

I. Core Text (Suggested for Procurement)

Bettington, J., et al (eds), Keeping Archives, 3rd. ed. Australian Society of Archivists, 2008.

Brown, C., Archives and Records Keeping: Theory into Practice, Facet, 2013.

Cox, R. and Wallace, D., (eds), Archives and the Public Good : Accountability and Records in Modern Society, Quorum Books, 2002.

Millar, Laura Agnes, Archives: Principles and Practices, Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2nd ed., 2017

Williams, C., Managing Archives: Foundations, Principles and Practices, Chandos, 2006. 

II. Reference (See also lists under individual topics above)

Books

(1) Benedict, Karen. Ethics and the Archival Profession: Introduction and Case Studies (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2003).

(2) Boles, Frank. Selecting & Appraising Archives & Manuscripts (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005).

(3) Cox, Richard J. The First Generation of Electronic Records Archivists in the United States: A Study in Professionalism (New York, London & Norwood: The Haworth Press, Inc., 1994).

(4) Cox, Richard J. Archives & Archivists in the Information Age (New York & London: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., 2005).

(5) Cox, Richard J. Closing an Era: Historical Perspectives on Modern Archives and Records Management (Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press, 2000).

(6) Cox, Richard J. (ed.) Lester J. Cappon and the Relationship of History, Archives, and Scholarship in the Golden Age of Archival Theory (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2004).

(7) Cox, Richard J. & David A. Wallace, Archives and the Public Good: Accountability and Records in Modern Society (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2002).

(8) Craig, Barbara. Archival Appraisal: Theory and Practice (München: K.G. Saur, 2004).

(9) Duranti, Luciana & Terry Eastwood and Heather MacNeil., Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records (Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer, 2002).

(10) Ellis, Roger H. & Peter Walne (eds.). Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2003).

(11) Gottschalk, Louis. Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method, 2nd edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969).

(12) Higgs, Edward (ed.) History and Electronic Artefacts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

(13) Jenkinson, Hilary. A Manual of Archive Administration, 2nd edition (London: Percy Lund, Humphries and Co., 1965).

(14) Justrell, Bőrje. What Is This Thing We Call Archival Science? A Report on an International Survey (Stockholm: The National Archives of Sweden, 1999).

(15) Lipinski, Tomas A. (ed.), Libraries, Museums, and Archives: Legal Issues and Ethical Challenges in the New Information Era (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002).

(16) MacNeil, Heather. Trusting Records: Legal, Historical, and Diplomatic Perspectives (Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer, 2000).

(17) Mitchell, Thornton W. (ed.) Norton on Archives: The Writings of Margaret Cross Norton on Archival & Records Management (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1975).

(18) Padfield, Tim. Copyright for Archivists and Users of Archives, 2nd edition (London: Facet Publishing, 2004).

(19) Posner, Ernst. Archives in the Ancient World (Boston, Mass.: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 1972).

(20) Pugh, Mary Jo. Providing Reference Services for Archives & Manuscripts (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005).

(21)Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn. Preserving Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1993).

(22) Roe, Kathleen D. Arranging & Describing Archives & Manuscripts (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 2005).

Journals

(1) The American Archivist, published by the Society of American Archivists (SAA).

(2) Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information, published by Springer.

(3) Archivaria, Published by the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA)

(4) Archives and Manuscripts, published by the Australian Society of Archivists (ASA)

(5) Comma: International Journal on Archives, published by the International Council on Archives (ICA).

(6) Janus, published by the International Council on Archives (ICA)

(7) Journal of Archival Organization, published by the Haworth Information Press.

(8) Records & Information Management Report, published by M.E. Sharpe.

III. Archives and Information Management: Resources on the Internet 

1. Serv List and Mailing List

Archives & Archivists List (ARCHIVES)
<http://listserv.muohio.edu/archives/archives.html>

Records Management Program List (RECMGMT-L)
<http://lists.ufl.edu/archives/recmgmt-l.html>

Management & Preservation of Electronic Records List (ERECS-L)
<http://listserv.albany.edu:8080/archives/erecs-l.html>

Aus-archivists mailing list
<http://lists.archivists.org.au/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/aus-archivists>

Arcan-l mailing list
<http://www.mailman.srv.ualberta.ca/mailman/listinfo/arcan-l>

2. Resource List/portal

Records & Information Management Resource List
<http://www.infomgmt.homestead.com/>

UNESCO archives Portal
<http://www.unesco.org/webworld/portal_archives/>

UNESCO RAMP (Records and Archives Management Programme) Studies
<http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=21989&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html>

Stanford University. Conservation On-Line (CoOL)
<http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/>

New York State Archives – Publication
<http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/nysaservices/ns_pubs.shtml>

Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) – Publications
<http://www.clir.org/pubs/pubs.html>

Research Libraries Group (RLG) – Publications
<http://www.rlg.org/en/page.php?Page_ID=5>

3. Certification authorities

Academy of Certified Archivists (ACA)
http://www.certifiedarchivists.org>

Records Managers: Institute of Certified Records Managers (ICRM)
http://www.icrm.org

Electronic Records Management (ERM) Certificate Program – AIIM
http://www.aiim.org

4. Professional Societies and Associations

International

International Council on Archives (ICA)
<http://www.ica.org/>

Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA)
<http://www.arma.org>

Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)
<http://www.aiim.org>

International Records Management Trust (IRMT)
<http://www.irmt.org/>

Regional

East Asian Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (EASTICA):
<http://www.eastica.org/> 

National (or territorial)

Society of American Archivists (SAA):
<http://www.archivists.org/>

Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA)
<http://archivists.ca/home/default.aspx>

Australian Society of Archivists
<http://www.archivists.org.au/>

Chinese Archives Society
<http://www.saac.gov.cn/archive_bureau/84.htm>

Hong Kong Archives Society
<http://www.archives.org.hk/>

5. Archival Institutions

National Archives and Records Administration, US (NARA)
<http://www.archives.gov/index.html>

National Archives of UK
<http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/default.htm>

Library and Archives Canada
<http://www.collectionscanada.ca/index-e.html>

National Archives of Australia (NAA)
<http://www.naa.gov.au/>

State Archives Administration of China (SAAC)
<http://www.saac.gov.cn/>

National Archives Administration, Republic of China  
<http://www.archives.gov.tw/english/index.aspx>

Macao Historical Archives
<http://www.icm.gov.mo/ah/C_ah.asp>

Public Records Office of Hong Kong
<http://www.grs.gov.hk/ws/content/pro/index.htm>

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